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The European Commission is at the center of the European Union's political system. Within its five-year terms each Commission proposes up to 2000 binding legal acts and therefore crucially shapes EU policy, which in turn impacts on the daily lives of more than 500 million European citizens. However, despite the Commissions key role in setting the agenda for European decision making, little is known about its internal dynamics when preparing legislation. This book provides a problem-driven, theoretically-founded, and empirically rich treatment of the so far still understudied process of position-formation inside the European Commission. It reveals that various internal political positions prevail and that the role of power and conflict inside the European Commission is essential to understanding its policy proposals. Opening the 'black box' of the Commission, the book identifies three ideal types of internal position-formation. The Commission is motivated by technocratic problem-solving, by competence-seeking utility maximization or ideologically-motivated policyseeking. Specifying conditions that favor one logic over the others, the typology furthers understanding of how the EU system functions and provides novel explanations of EU policies with substantial societal implications.

Political sociology --- European Commission --- Policy sciences --- Sciences de la politique --- European Commission. --- Powers and duties. --- European Union countries --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Politics and government. --- Politique et gouvernement --- Pays de l'Union européenne

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An unprecedented inside view of the European Commission, and institution which substantially influences the legislative agenda of the European Union. Based on testimonies of 150 insiders, the authors show how the institution is significantly influenced by political power struggles that affect the rules that govern Europe.

European Commission. --- European Commission --- Policy sciences --- Powers and duties. --- European Union countries --- Politics and government. --- Policy-making --- Policymaking --- Public policy management --- European Communities. Commission --- Commission of the European Communities --- Europese Gemeenschappen. Commissie --- EC --- Europese Commissie --- Commission européenne

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Accords de Schengen --- Akkoorden van Schengen --- Schengen Agreement --- Schengen-overeenkomst --- Schengen-verdrag --- Schengenakkoord --- douane --- schengen --- criminalite --- douanes --- criminaliteit --- European Commission --- Information resources management --- Evaluation --- Boundaries --- European Union countries --- Computer science

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The 13 years which saw the enlargements of the European Communities to include Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom on 1 January 1973, Greece on 1 January 1981 and Spain and Portugal on 1 January 1986, and the signature of the Single European Act in February 1986, are often portrayed as a period of stagnation after the hopes raised by the The Hague Summit of December 1969.However, this volume — based on hitherto unpublished sources — shows that, despite the less propitious climate, the plans, ideas and changes initiated in the 1970s would set the scene for the fresh impetus given by the Single European Act and the upturn in the mid-1980s. A new sense of direction was thus breathed into a number of policies, including those on the internal market, innovation, research, regional policy, energy and the environment.Faced with the challenges of those years, it was up to the Commission, then the Commission of the European Communities, to drive the European project further and deeper, taking due account of the social and economic backdrop and seizing opportunities as and when they arose. Between 1973 and 1986, there were four Colleges and 45 commissioners. The institution itself had to adapt and introduce reforms in the wake of the successive enlargements and deepening integration, exemplified by the creation of the European Council and the strengthening of the powers of the European Parliament, whose members were elected by universal suffrage from 1979.Twenty-two professors or researchers from 15 universities joined forces to produce this work, under the coordination of the Université catholique de Louvain in Louvain-la-Neuve. They were granted privileged access to the Commission’s archives and were able to interview numerous former commissioners and officials who were working at the coalface at the time. A similar project had already resulted in the publication of a book about the institutions’ formative years between 1958 and 1972.

European federation --- Construction européenne --- History --- Histoire --- Commission of the European Communities --- Europe --- Economic integration --- Intégration économique --- Political planning --- -341.2422 --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 334.150.2 --- 940 <01> --- Planning in politics --- Public policy --- Planning --- Policy sciences --- Politics, Practical --- Public administration --- raad van de Europese Gemeenschappen. --- Geschiedenis van Europa, van het Westen, van het Avondland--Bibliografieën. Catalogi --- European Commission. --- European Communities. Commission --- Europese Gemeenschappen. Commissie --- -History --- 940 <01> Geschiedenis van Europa, van het Westen, van het Avondland--Bibliografieën. Catalogi --- Construction européenne --- Intégration économique --- raad van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- History. --- EC --- Europese Commissie --- Commission européenne

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Over the past few decades, European countries have witnessed a proliferation of legal norms concerning marginalised individuals and minorities who increasingly invoke them in front of courts to assert their rights and claim protection. The present volume explores the relationship between law, rights and social mobilisation in Europe. It specifically enquires into the extent and ways in which legal processes and entitlements are mobilised by less privileged social actors to advance their rights claims and pursue social change. Most distinctly, it explores such processes in the context of the multi-level European system, characterised by the existence of multiple legal and judicial arenas at the national, subnational and supranational/transnational level. In such a complex system of law and governance in Europe, concepts like legal opportunity structures, as well as the factors shaping them need to be reconceptualised. How does the multi-level European context distinctly shape the nature and salience of rights, as well as their mobilisation by individuals and minority actors?

Private law --- Social change --- Human rights --- Sociology of law --- European Union --- European Court of Human Rights --- European Court of Human Rights. --- C.E.D.O. --- CEDO --- CEDU --- ECtHR --- Avrupa İnsan Hakları Dîvanı --- Cour européenne des droits de l'homme --- Tribunal Europeo de Derechos del Hombre --- Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos --- Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte --- Evropeĭskiĭ Sud po pravam cheloveka --- Европейский Суд по правам человека --- Council of Europe. --- Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo --- Eurōpaiko Dikastērio Anthrōpinōn Dikaiōmatōn --- Ευρωπαικό Δικαστήριο Ανθρώπινων Δικαιωμάτων --- Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului --- Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka --- Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi --- Evropský soud pro lidská práva --- I︠E︡vropeĭsʹkyĭ Sud z prav li︠u︡dyny --- Європейський Суд з прав людини --- Evropeĭski sŭd po pravata na choveka --- Европейски съд по правата на човека --- Europos Žmogaus teisių teismas --- Mardu iravunkʻneri evropakan dataran --- İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi --- Evropski sud za ljudska prava --- Европски суд за људска права --- AİHM --- Gjykata Europiane për të Drejtat e Njeriut --- GJEDNJ --- EGMR --- Euroopa Inimõiguste Kohus --- European Commission of Human Rights --- Human rights - Europe --- European law